Polonnaruwa

The Ancient Capital of Sri Lanka

Nestled in the heart of Sri Lanka, Polonnaruwa stands as a testament to the island’s rich history, cultural heritage, and architectural brilliance. Once the second capital of Sri Lanka after Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa flourished between the 11th and 13th centuries AD. Today, it is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site, attracting visitors from around the world who come to explore its stunning ruins, lush landscapes, and vibrant local culture.

This guide will delve into the attractions, history, and experiences Polonnaruwa has to offer, emphasizing its importance in Sri Lanka tourism and highlighting the significance of responsible travel practices

01. Getting to Polonnaruwa

Transportation Options
Polonnaruwa is conveniently located approximately 216 kilometers (134 miles) from Colombo, making it accessible to both local and international travelers.

    • By Car: The drive from Colombo to Polonnaruwa takes about 4-5 hours, offering scenic views of Sri Lanka’s countryside. Renting a car or hiring a taxi can be a comfortable option for families and groups.
    • By Bus: Several public and private bus services operate between Colombo and Polonnaruwa. The journey takes approximately 5-6 hours and is a cost-effective choice for budget travelers.
    • By Train: While there is no direct train service to Polonnaruwa, you can take a train to Habarana and continue your journey by taxi or tuk-tuk.

Local Transportation
Once in Polonnaruwa, several transportation options will allow you to explore the area:

    • Bicycles: Renting a bicycle is a popular and eco-friendly way to navigate the ancient city and its surroundings. Many guesthouses and bike rental shops offer bicycles for rent.
    • Tuk-tuks: These three-wheeled vehicles are readily available and provide a convenient way to get around the city.
    • Walking Tours: Polonnaruwa is relatively small, and many of its attractions can be explored on foot. Walking allows you to appreciate the stunning architecture and lush landscapes at a leisurely pace.

The Ancient City of Polonnaruwa
The ruins of Polonnaruwa reflect the architectural brilliance of the era and provide insight into the lifestyle and beliefs of ancient Sri Lankans. The ancient city is divided into several key sites, each with its unique significance.

The Royal Palace Complex
Once the residence of the kings of Polonnaruwa, the Royal Palace Complex consists of the remains of a massive structure that once housed the royal family. Visitors can explore the impressive ruins, which include:

    • The Audience Hall: An intricately carved hall where the king held court. Its large stone pillars and captivating design speak volumes about the architectural prowess of the time.
    • The Swimming Pool: An ancient pool that once provided a place for relaxation, surrounded by beautifully landscaped gardens.
    • The Council Chamber: A structure where important decisions were made, showcasing the political significance of the royal family.

Gal Vihara (Rock Temple)
One of Polonnaruwa’s most remarkable attractions, the Gal Vihara is a rock-cut temple featuring four stunning Buddha statues. Carved directly into the granite rock, these statues represent different poses of Buddha and are masterpieces of ancient Sri Lankan art.

    • Reclining Buddha: The largest of the four statues, the reclining Buddha measures approximately 14 meters in length and depicts Buddha in a state of meditation.
    • Seated Buddha: A beautifully proportioned statue seated in a meditative pose, showcasing the artistry of the period.
    • Standing Buddha: This statue stands at an impressive height and captures the essence of serenity and grace.

The Lotus Pond
The Lotus Pond (or Nelum Pokuna) is a unique structure that features intricate stone carvings in the shape of lotus petals. It is believed to have served as a bathing area for royalty and is an excellent example of the artistic and architectural innovation of the era.

Lankathilaka Image House
The Lankathilaka Image House is an ancient temple that houses a large seated Buddha statue. The temple features beautiful frescoes and intricate stonework, providing insight into the religious practices of the time.

Tivanka Image House
The Tivanka Image House is renowned for its stunning wall murals and intricately carved stonework. Inside, visitors can find a seated Buddha statue surrounded by vibrant frescoes depicting Jataka tales, which narrate the life stories of Buddha.

The Sacred Quadrangle
The Sacred Quadrangle is a cluster of important religious buildings and structures, including the Kiri Vehera (a stupa), the Nissanka Latha Mandapaya, and the Atadage (the first temple built to house the Sacred Tooth Relic). This area is rich in history and serves as a significant spiritual center for Buddhists.

Archaeological Museum
Before exploring the ruins, a visit to the Polonnaruwa Archaeological Museum is recommended. The museum showcases artifacts, sculptures, and historical items uncovered from the ancient city, providing context and insight into the civilization that once thrived here.

Local Markets

Polonnaruwa’s local markets offer a vibrant atmosphere and a chance to experience the daily lives of the locals.

    • Polonnaruwa Market: The bustling market features a variety of stalls selling fresh produce, spices, and local handicrafts. Engage with friendly vendors, sample traditional snacks, and immerse yourself in the lively ambiance.

Festivals and Celebrations
Experiencing local festivals in Polonnaruwa can enhance your understanding of the culture and traditions of Sri Lanka.

    • Poson Festival: Celebrated in June, this festival commemorates the arrival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. Expect vibrant decorations, traditional music, dance, and religious
      processions throughout the city.
    • Vesak Festival: Taking place in May, Vesak is one of the most important Buddhist festivals, celebrating the birth, enlightenment, and death of Buddha. The city is adorned with colorful lanterns and decorations, creating a festive atmosphere.

Engaging with Locals
Polonnaruwa’s welcoming locals are eager to share their culture and traditions with visitors.

  • Cultural Tours: Consider joining a guided cultural tour that introduces you to local families, their customs, and daily life in Polonnaruwa. This immersive experience allows you to gain a deeper understanding of the community.
  • Cooking Classes: Participating in a cooking class offers an excellent opportunity to learn about traditional Sri Lankan cuisine. Prepare local dishes with fresh ingredients and enjoy a delicious meal while engaging with the chefs.

Minneriya National Park
Located just a short drive from Polonnaruwa, Minneriya National Park is a haven for wildlife enthusiasts. The park is known for its large population of Asian elephants and offers a unique opportunity to observe these magnificent creatures in their natural habitat.

    • Wildlife Safaris: Embark on a thrilling jeep safari to explore the park’s diverse ecosystems. Along the way, you may encounter other wildlife, including deer, leopards, and a variety of bird species.
    • Eco-Tourism: Minneriya National Park promotes eco-tourism, allowing visitors to appreciate the beauty of nature while contributing to conservation efforts.

Kandalama Lake
Kandalama Lake is a tranquil destination that offers a serene escape from the bustling city. Surrounded by lush greenery, the lake provides opportunities for relaxation and birdwatching.

    • Kayaking and Canoeing: Rent a kayak or canoe to explore the calm waters of Kandalama Lake, allowing for a unique perspective of the surrounding landscape and wildlife.
    • Photography: Capture stunning sunset views over the lake, creating a picturesque backdrop for your travel memories.

Ritigala Mountain
Ritigala Mountain, located about 40 kilometers (25 miles) from Polonnaruwa, is an ancient monastic complex set in a serene forest reserve. The site features ruins of monasteries, rock-cut cisterns, and a breathtaking hike.

    • Trekking Adventures: The hike to the top offers stunning views of the surrounding landscape and is an excellent way to connect with nature.
    • Flora and Fauna: Ritigala is home to diverse flora and fauna, making it a haven for nature lovers and birdwatchers.

Polonnaruwa offers a rich culinary experience, showcasing the flavors of Sri Lankan cuisine. Visitors can explore local dishes, vibrant markets, and unique dining experiences.

Traditional Sri Lankan Cuisine

    • Rice and Curry: A staple of Sri Lankan cuisine, rice is served with an assortment of curries, vegetables, and condiments. Sample local variations featuring fresh ingredients and unique spice blends.
    • Hoppers: Bowl-shaped pancakes made from fermented rice flour, hoppers can be enjoyed with various fillings, including eggs, coconut milk, and spicy sambal.
    • Kottu Roti: A popular street food, Kottu Roti is made by chopping up roti and stir-frying it with vegetables, eggs, and meat. It’s a must-try dish that is both delicious and filling.

Local Restaurants and Cafés

    • The Hotel Sudu Araliya: A popular restaurant in Polonnaruwa offering a mix of traditional Sri Lankan dishes and international cuisine. The restaurant provides a cozy atmosphere and stunning views of the surrounding landscapes.
    • Polonnaruwa Resthouse: Known for its delicious rice and curry meals, this restaurant offers a great dining experience with a friendly atmosphere and local flavors.
    • Café Dambulla: Although slightly outside of Polonnaruwa, this café is worth the trip for its delicious local cuisine and relaxed ambiance

Polonnaruwa offers a variety of accommodation options to suit different budgets and preferences. From luxury resorts to budget guesthouses, there’s something for everyone.

Luxury Accommodation

    • Heritance Kandalama: This eco-friendly hotel blends seamlessly with the surrounding environment, offering luxurious amenities and stunning views of Kandalama Lake. The hotel features an infinity pool, spa, and fine dining options.
    • Amaya Lake Dambulla: Located near Polonnaruwa, this resort offers a tranquil retreat surrounded by nature. Guests can enjoy comfortable accommodations, recreational activities, and excellent dining options.

Mid-Range Options

    • The Palace Hotel: This comfortable hotel provides modern amenities and is conveniently located near the ancient city. It offers a range of dining options and is an excellent choice for families and groups.
    • Lake View Resort: Nestled by the lake, this resort offers beautiful views and comfortable lodging at reasonable prices. The on-site restaurant serves delicious local cuisine.

Budget-Friendly Options

    • Guesthouses and Homestays: Polonnaruwa has several guesthouses and homestays that offer affordable accommodations. Staying with local families allows for a more authentic experience of Sri Lankan culture.
    • Hostels: For backpackers and budget travelers, hostels provide basic amenities and a chance to meet fellow travelers from around the world.

As you explore the rich history and culture of Polonnaruwa, it’s essential to engage in responsible travel practices that support the local community and preserve the environment.

Supporting Local Communities

    • Shop Locally: Purchase handmade crafts and souvenirs from local artisans. This supports the local economy and helps preserve traditional crafts.
    • Eat at Local Restaurants: Dining at local eateries contributes to the livelihoods of local families and enhances your culinary experience.

Environmental Conservation

    • Respect Nature: When visiting natural sites, follow guidelines to minimize your impact on the environment. Avoid littering and stay on designated paths.
    • Participate in Conservation Efforts: Engage in local conservation initiatives, such as tree planting or beach clean-ups, to contribute positively to the environment.

Cultural Sensitivity

    • Respect Local Customs: Be mindful of local customs and traditions, particularly when visiting religious sites. Dress modestly and seek permission before taking photographs of people.
    • Engage with Locals: Take the time to learn about local traditions and engage with the community in a respectful and meaningful way.

Polonnaruwa is a captivating destination that showcases the historical and cultural richness of Sri Lanka. With its ancient ruins, breathtaking landscapes, and vibrant local culture, Polonnaruwa offers an unforgettable experience for travelers seeking to explore the heart of Sri Lanka’s heritage.

As you plan your travel in Sri Lanka, make sure to include Polonnaruwa in your itinerary. Immerse yourself in the beauty of the ancient city, engage with local communities, and savor the delicious flavors of Sri Lankan cuisine.

By practicing responsible travel, you can contribute to the preservation of Polonnaruwa’s cultural and natural treasures, ensuring that future generations can enjoy the magic of this enchanting destination. Experience the charm of Polonnaruwa and create lasting memories that will stay with you long after your journey ends.

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